Nov. 9 marks the 25-th anniversary of the fall of the
Berlin Wall, the iconic barrier that completely enclosed East Berlin between
1961 and 1989 and symbolized the height of Cold War tensions.
Around the world, the international German community and
others are marking the milestone with celebrations and shared memories. In
Germany, artists have recreated the Wall with illuminated white balloons along
the path that the structure once traced.
Here are several interesting facts related to the Berlin
Wall:
1.
Exodus from East Germany
The Berlin Wall was erected more than 15 years into the
Cold War. More than 2 million East Germans, most of them skilled laborers and
professionals, fled to the West between 1949 and 1961. The Soviet Union had
rejected East Germany’s original request to build the wall in 1953, but with
defections through West Berlin reaching 1,000 people a day by the summer of
1961, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev finally relented. The residents of Berlin
awoke on the morning of August 13, 1961, to find barbed wire fencing had been
installed on the border between the city’s east and west sections. Days later,
East Germany began to fortify the barrier with concrete.
2.
Berlin Wall Construction
Construction of the Berlin Wall began on August 13 1961
as a way of separating the three zones controlled by France, Britain and
America from the zone controlled by the Soviet Union. After World War II,
Germany has been split into four zones, each occupied by one of the four Allied
powers that defeated the Nazis. The zones controlled by France, Great Britain
and America became West Germany, or Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal
Republic of Germany). The Soviet-controlled zone became East Germany, or
Deutsche Demokratische Republik (Germany Democratic Republic). Germany's
capital, Berlin, was situated in Soviet-controlled East Germany, but as this
city was the administrative area for the Allied forces, it too was split into
four. This meant that France, Great Britain and America controlled West Berlin,
whereas the Soviet Union controlled the East. Relations between America and the
Soviet Union soured considerably during much of the second half of the
Twentieth Century. The Berlin Wall was a symbol of this hostility, a physical
representation of what was called the Iron Curtain.
The wall construction had four phases, which included a
wire fence, improved wire fence, concrete wall, and an improved concrete wall,
which consisted of 45,000 sections 12 feet (3.6 meters) high and about 4 feet
(1.2 meters) thick and more than 87 miles (140 kilometers) long.
3.
How People Escaped from East Germany
It is estimated that about 5,000 people escaped East
Germany through the Berlin Wall. Several hundred more died trying. The wall’s
anti-escape features were extensive. Along with barbed wire, the top of the
fence was also lined with smooth pipe to make it harder to climb. In addition,
the area surrounding the wall had dogs on long tethers, anti-vehicle trenches,
and more than 116 watchtowers.
Official figures show that at least 136 people died
trying to cross the border. People attempting to get from East to West were
regarded as traitors and guards were instructed to shoot at them if they
attempted to cross, although not to kill them.
So, here some of the most creative ways for people to
escape from East Germany:
* On a tightrope
East German acrobat Horst Klein made one of the most
daring escapes over the wall in early 1963. Thanks to his acrobatic skill,
Klein was able to turn an unused high-tension cable that stretched over the
wall into his route. He moved hand-over-hand while dangling from the cable 60
feet over the head of patrolling guards, then when his arms became fatigued, he
swung his whole body up over the cable and inched his way along. Klein’s
dismount was not particularly graceful – he fell off the cable – but he landed
in West Berlin.
* Down a zip line
On March 31, 1983, friends Michael Becker and Holger
Bethke took Klein’s idea one step further by letting gravity do the heavy
lifting for them. The pair climbed to the attic of a five-story building on the
eastern side of the wall and fired an arrow tied to a thin fishing line over a
building in West Berlin. An accomplice grabbed the arrow and reeled in the
line, which was connected to a slightly heavier fishing line, then to a
quarter-inch steel cable. Once the steel cable was attached to a chimney on the
western side of the wall, Becker and Bethke zipped across the quarter-inch
cable using wooden pulleys.
* Without a
windshield
When Austrian lathe operator Heinz Meixner pulled up to
Checkpoint Charlie on May 5, 1963, something must have seemed odd about his red
Austin Healey Sprite convertible. Namely, it was missing its windshield. (A
closer inspection would also have revealed that his mother was hiding in the
trunk.) When the East German guard directed Meixner to pull over to a customs
shed, Meixner instead floored the accelerator and ducked. His tiny car slipped
right under the three-foot-high barrier dividing the East from the West.
* With a passport
from HEF
A 1986 Los Angeles Times piece by Gordon E. Rowley
described Meixner’s driving escape, but it also detailed a decidedly low-tech
method of crossing the border. According to Rowley, some border crossers simply
approached the guards and flashed their membership cards for Munich’s Playboy
Club. The cards so closely resembled diplomatic passports that the guards often
waved them through.
* On a speeding
train
These clever escapes all worked, but in the wall’s early
days, brute force was an option, too. In December 1961, a 27-year-old train
engine driver named Harry Deterling piloted what he dubbed “the last train to
freedom” across the border. Instead of slowing down his passenger train as it
approached the fortifications, Deterling throttled it up to full speed and
ripped through the wall. The train skidded to a stop in West Berlin’s Spandau
borough, allowing Deterling, seven members of his family, and 16 other people
aboard the train to remain in the West. The train’s engineer and six other
passengers chose to return to East Germany.
* In a hot air
balloon
The escape orchestrated by Hans Strelczyk and Gunter
Wetzel in 1979 sounds like it came straight out of a comic book. Strelczyk, a
mechanic, and Wetzel, a mason, used their mechanical expertise to build a hot
air balloon engine out of old propane cylinders. Their wives then pieced
together a makeshift balloon from scraps of canvas and old bed sheets, and on
September 16, 1979, the two couples, along with their four children, floated up
to 8,000 feet and drifted over the wall to freedom.
* In a well-aged
tunnel
In May 1962, a dozen people escaped from the East by way
of Der Seniorentunnel, otherwise known as “the Senior Citizens’ Tunnel.” Led by
an 81-year-old man, a group of senior citizens had spent 16 days digging a
160-foot-long and 6-foot-tall tunnel from an East German chicken coop all the
way to the other side of the wall. According to one of the diggers, the tunnel
was so tall because the old men wanted “to walk to freedom with our wives,
comfortably and unbowed.”
* In a uniform
Movies tend to portray East German border guards as
soulless automatons who were dead-set on keeping everyone on their side of the
wall, but many of the guards were just as desperate to escape as their fellow
East Germans. One perk of being a border guard was that a soldier could simply
wander over the border to freedom, and a lot of them did. Over 1,300 made the
jump in the first two years of the wall’s existence. The most famous of these
escapes was made by 19-year-old guard Conrad Schumann on August 15, 1961, just
the third day of the wall’s construction. Since the “wall” was really just
piles of barbed wire at that point, Schumann jumped over the wire in his uniform
while toting his machine gun. A photographer caught Schumann’s flying leap, and
the jump to freedom became an iconic Cold War image. Schumann eventually
settled in the southwestern state of Bavaria and worked as a machine operator.
He committed suicide in 1998.
4.
The fall of the Berlin Wall happened by mistake
At a press conference on the evening of November 9, 1989,
East German politburo member Günter Schabowski prematurely announced that
restrictions on travel visas would be lifted. When asked when the new policy
would begin, he said, “Immediately, without delay.” In actuality, the policy
was to be announced the following day and would still have required East
Germans to go through a lengthy visa application process. Schabowski’s confused
answers and erroneous media reports that border crossings had opened spurred
thousands of East Berliners to the Berlin Wall. At the Bornholmer Street
checkpoint, Harald Jäger, the chief officer on duty, faced a mob growing in
size and frustration. Receiving insults, rather than instructions, from his
superiors and nervously expecting results of his cancer diagnostic tests the
next day, the overwhelmed Jäger opened the border crossing on his own, and the
other gates soon followed.
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