Monday, March 28, 2016

Why Cuddle Parties Gain Popularity Worldwide?


Cuddle Party, What is all About?

The post below is dated 2004, when the Cuddle Party just started their history. It is just 12 years later, and they become very popular among hungry for safe touch and energy exchange not only among New Age people and tired Hi-Tech professionals, but also in other societal and cultural groups. Fast uptrend is logically justifiable, and multiple researches already presenting the scientific health benefits you are getting there.

Seeking out human touch has never been so anonymous, intimate or easy as in a new phenomenon called a cuddle party. Cuddle parties are the newest trend sweeping the country. Both young and old people are taking part. At a cuddle party, complete strangers nuzzle, massage, hug and sometimes even kiss.

"They are often experiencing a loss. Maybe they have just broken up with a boyfriend. Maybe they've just lost a wife. They really need the energy that comes from close physical contact and don't have another vehicle in which to get it," said Dr. Susan Kellogg, of the Pelvic and Sexual Health Institute.

Cuddle parties are private, personal and growing in popularity.
"It was unique. Nobody does this kind of thing. It was something missing. Something I don't get a chance to do very often -- get to cuddle with friends," said Mike Lehy, a cuddle party participant.

In the party, there is closeness between participants -- the kind you may only be used to getting from close friends and loved ones. But if you're looking for more than hugs, the creators say you've come to the wrong place.

"The first rule of cuddling is pajamas stay on the whole time. This is a nonsexual event and one of the ways we ensure that is nobody gets naked," said Reid Mihalko, a cuddle party creator.

For $20 to $30, you can attend a three-hour snuggle-fest to get your fill of intimacy. There are cuddle lifeguards to enforce strict 12 rules among pajama-clad strangers. For instance, cuddlers must ask before touching.

"It's safe, depending on the responsibility of the cuddle guard -- you can never say never. It appears to be safe. It is not a party driven for sexual activity," said Dr. Kristene Whitmore, of the Pelvic and Sexual Health Institute.

Some people are a bit touchy about this touchy-feely take on intimacy with strangers.
"A lot of people are very suspect of this new phenomenon, this cuddle party. They think it's just a fancy name for orgy, for really inappropriate sexual behavior. In fact, cuddle parties are for cuddling only," Kellogg said.

So, if you're in the mood to be touched by a stranger, and you like the idea of getting cozy in pairs, or in piles, cuddle parties may be just what you're looking for.

Why it is Popular?

Cuddle parties and professional cuddlers seem to have come at a good time in America. The data suggests we feel lonelier than ever. According to a study published in June 2006 in American Sociological Review, a quarter of Americans in 2004 had no one to discuss important matters with. That is more than double what that statistic was in 1985.

The numbers from that report were widely debated but studies that are more recent also show an increase in isolation. Pew Internet reported in November 2009 that Americans’ discussion networks have decreased by a third since 1985. Barna Group found that nearly twice as many Americans self-identified as lonely in 2013 (20 percent) as they did a decade prior (12 percent).

Loneliness appears to fluctuate with age. An October 2008 study published in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health found that 60.2 percent of college students experienced loneliness. A study published in AARP in September 2010 categorized 35 percent of adults aged 45 and older as lonely. Of those aged 45 to 49, 43 percent were lonely, and of people 70 and older, 25 percent were lonely.

But what cuddling is good for? Can you stop being lonely just because you get a chance to touch another human being and get touched as well for several hours? Well, yes and no. On the level of physiology, cuddling releases endorphins, dopamine, and oxytocin (“the cuddle hormone,” as some call it). All sorts of research have shown that cuddling, and oxytocin, can achieve incredible effects. It can bond mothers with their babies and make breastfeeding simpler; reduce stress and blood pressure; help enable sleep; improve communication among couples; increase happiness and well-being; increase trust and attachment; and much more. The release of oxytocin can have some negative effects, like increasing envy and gloating, but that will not necessarily happen during cuddling.

Dr. Paul Zak, a scientist and economist who has done numerous experiments with oxytocin and author of the book The Moral Molecule, said that the amount of oxytocin you release depends on how attached you are to the person you are cuddling with or touching.

“Based on my massage studies, a massage from a stranger increased oxytocin an average of 17 percent,” Zak said. “That's about the range for most oxytocin increases for all types of stranger interactions and likely applies to cuddling. Cuddling with a family member could increase oxytocin 50 to 100 percent. If you’re attracted to the stranger, though, an oxytocin increase of 100 percent or more would not be unlikely.”

Cuddling with a stranger or acquaintance, then, at a cuddle party or private session, may not be as beneficial as cuddling with a parent or significant other. But it releases oxytocin nonetheless and is an alternative for those embarrassed to admit to a loved one their need for cuddling. Sadly, that might be true for many people.

Touch As a Human Need

Touch is one of the first senses to develop inside the womb. A young baby is unable to see clearly or differentiate between sounds and will interact with the world through touch. We work out how safe and valued we are in the world by what we experience through our skins. Touching is an innate need. If you look at little kids, they are natural huggers. Experiments have shown that if infants are given insufficient touch, they will not do well – the condition is called “failure to thrive”. Research has shown that touch reduces stress in babies, helps them to gain weight, cry less and sleep better. Studies have shown that babies and children who receive healthy touch grow up to be well adjusted and capable, whereas those who are touch deprived are more likely to become sociopathic in adulthood. According to anthropologist Anthony Montagu “touch is a basic behavioral need and the absence of it causes abnormal behavior and physical development.”

Much of Western Culture is “touch negative” and we are socialized out of this very normal drive to touch and be touched in a safe, welcomed way. What develops next is “skin hunger”. According to Cherie Sohnen-Moe, author of The Ethics of Touch: “We misinterpret the need for touch as sexual desire, physical hunger or depression. We may seek out sexual relationships less out of love than out of a need for contact. Or, in the absence of someone to hug our outer skin, we hug our inner skin by over-eating.”

Interestingly, many people who have been long-term Cuddle Party attendees in the US have reported significant weight loss.

“Touch psychologically grounds us as human beings,” said Reid. “We are social animals and touch is a large part of that. There are huge psychological benefits to receiving peer to peer consensual touch – benefits which a cat or dog can’t give you.”

Benefits of attending a Cuddle Party

Socially, it is a brilliant and innovative way to connect with new people in a fun and relaxed environment. Pajamas are a great leveler!

Emotionally, we are meant, as humans, to be touched and feel a sense of belonging – so it is no surprise that participants emerge from the party with feelings of bliss, wellbeing and connectedness.

Physically: When our brain registers that we are receiving touch that is pleasurable/ relaxing/ welcomed/ safe and soothing, the parasympathetic nervous system (nicknamed the rest and digest system) kicks in. This:
v  Reduces high blood pressure
v  Boosts our digestive function
v  Slows down breathing
v  Promotes feeling of relaxation

Cuddling leads to the production of the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin, which benefits us in the following ways:
v  Creates feelings of calm and connection
v  Reduces cravings
v  Lowers levels of cortisol (the hormone linked to stress)
v  Acts as an anti-depressant and lowers anxiety
v  Lowers the risk of heart disease and lowers blood pressure
v  Promotes wellbeing, social interaction and healing.
v  Improved communication skills. Cuddle Party is also a communication workshop where guests practice setting boundaries around touch, communicating their touch needs and saying “no” powerfully. These are all empowering skills to put to use outside of the Cuddle Party environment.

Cuddle Party Rules

In most cases, you will be explained the rules of the Cuddle party at the very beginning for about 45 minutes, so there is no points to go in details in this post. However, I would like just to list them here to let you feel where you are getting to, and what the natural limitations of this event are.

1.       Pajamas stay on the whole time.
2.       You do not have to cuddle anyone at a Cuddle Party, ever.
3.       You must ask permission and receive a verbal YES before you touch anyone. (Be as specific in your request as you can.)
4.       If you are a yes, say YES. If you are a no, say NO.
5.       If you are a maybe, say NO.
6.       You are encouraged to change your mind.
7.       Respect your relationship agreements and communicate with your partner.
8.       Get your Cuddle Party Facilitator or the Cuddle Assistant if you have a question or concern or need assistance with anything during the Cuddle Party.
9.       Tears and laughter are both welcome.
10.   Respect people’s privacy when sharing about Cuddle Parties.
11.   Keep the Cuddle space tidy

I Went to a Cuddle Party and Nobody Wanted to Cuddle With Me

Ever since I started my new blog (http://mindfulwatch.blogspot.com/) on the holistic and entertaining events in Bay Area, cuddle parties and somehow related sexuality and tantra workshops, solidly captured its share in the monthly calendars. Well, that is one difference between party and workshop, and the difference is event structure. Workshops are usually structured events with prepared exercises and activities, when facilitators do their best to involve all participants in the related activities, encouraging switching partners, changing roles, and helping all to get actively participating in the course. Definitely, no one force you to take part, if you fill uncomfortable, but, if you are shy in the unfamiliar settings and environment, you get all opportunity to get what you came for. As for the party, it is quite different, as most of the event constitute a free form cuddling, massaging, kissing, and touching activities, all in structured consensual form. Here, if you are passive, you may not get your share of the anticipated benefits, feeling left alone, abandoned, and worthless. Please read below the blog post on the experience of one of the new participants at the Cuddle Party, and think how relevant this can be for you. I think, there will be people who can easily affiliate with this. I got private message at Facebook from one of my virtual friends, describing almost identical situation, and asking on what to do better, what to do differently, and how to deal with that. But first, let’s read the post...

I’ve never been to an orgy, but I have to believe it’s less awkward than a cuddle party. With orgies, you know what you’re getting into.

A “cuddle party,” however, is a strange, mysterious beast of its own. You’re not there to get laid. You’re there to cuddle — to receive the glorious high of oxytocins from a complete group of strangers. There’s nothing sexual about it, which in some ways makes it even weirder than just going up to someone and saying, “Hey, wanna screw?”

Cuddle parties are taking over the world. They’re being held everywhere from Utah to Canada to Australia. Along the same lines, “cuddle shops” are opening up in places like North Carolina, Maryland and Oregon where you can pay to spoon with strangers. In today’s touch-depraved society, people are willing to pay money for this kind of thing.

Fascinated by this so-called “cuddle craze,” I attended my first cuddle party in the basement of a New York City yoga studio. I was nervous, but luckily I was in the hands of a professional — my cuddle party facilitator, Monique Darling, told me it was the 378th one she’s facilitated. Don’t worry, she assured me. Everyone keeps their clothes on the entire time. Cuddle parties are not orgies. “I do run those also, separately,” she said with a smile.

The party was attended by about 30 people: men and women, young and old and of different shapes and sizes. We were all wearing pajamas, making it the most surreal slumber party I’d ever been to.

Before the party began, I tried to ease the tension by having a friendly conversation with the man standing next to me. Let’s call him Tom. “So what brings you to a cuddle party?” I asked.

“Well, you know, stress,” Tom responded with a sigh.

“Totally,” I said.

I could tell that Tom and I were really hitting it off. I made a mental note to ask him for a cuddle later in the evening.

Moments later, Monique went over the cuddle party rules with us. It was very Fight Club, now that I think about it: You have to give permission before you can let someone cuddle with you, and nobody can randomly start squeezing you like a victimized teddy bear. Unfortunately for me, there was no rule about cuddling the first-timers.

But it was still too early to be disappointed. At this point in the party, my ego was still firmly intact. I’m only five-foot-three, tiny and adorable, I thought, the most popular kid at the cuddle party. Everybody would be lining up, begging me for cuddles. That’s not quite how it went.

After a few icebreaker activities, Monique turned on some New Age music and the party began. I looked around the room: People who had only just met were now tenderly embracing each other’s bodies. Some were giving each other massages. Nearly everybody had found a partner within moments.

Me, I sat in the corner with a goofy grin on my face. Nobody was asking to cuddle with me. Damn it, I thought. Do they not see me sitting right here?

Quickly, I turned to another man who wasn’t cuddling with anyone. I’ll call him Larry. I didn’t want to touch Larry, and I didn’t want him to touch me. But, at least, I wanted someone to chat with. “So... Did you see the Mad Men series finale?” I asked.

After a few minutes of terribly awkward small talk (yes, he’d seen Mad Men; no, he didn’t want to discuss it), Larry abruptly said, “I’m going to go somewhere else now.” He went to the other side of the room and found a girl to rub his back.

Things were not going well for me. I felt like I was back in high school, when nobody would sit with me at lunch. Luckily, I saw that my old pal Tom wasn’t cuddling with anyone at the moment. Thank god for Tom, a friend I could rely on! If no one else, Tom would cuddle with me. I walked over to this grown, adult man, and asked, “Can we cuddle together?”

With apologetic eyes, Tom looked at me and said, “No.”

My heart broke. “That’s fine,” I said. “That’s totally fine.” I felt an ugly mix of rejection and embarrassment. If I didn’t have Tom, I had no one.

I wish I could say the evening ended up taking a turn for the better. It didn’t. Three hours went by without a single person asking me to cuddle. What I did get out of the party, though, were some pretty great massages — I asked one or two people to rub my back, and they were happy to oblige. (Though they might’ve been doing it out of pity.) I spent most of the night staring into space.

When the party ended, my fellow cuddle club members were crying and hugging. A euphoric state of bliss had entered the room, and everybody felt it but me. They were exchanging phone numbers and Facebook information; they wanted to cuddle again.

“I came out feeling very at peace and comfortable and relaxed in my body,” one attendee told me. “My body feels at peace. Not just my mind, but my body.”

Why did everyone have a great time at the cuddle party but me? Maybe I should’ve gotten drunk beforehand. Maybe I’m not as adorable as I think I am. Maybe, as a reporter — a tourist in this world — I was giving off the wrong energy.

My bad night not withstanding, I do believe there’s something beautiful about cuddle parties. Monique told me she’s facilitated parties where people have met and later gotten married. She’s even writing a book about how cuddle parties have changed her life, out this fall.

The cuddle party culture is big, and it’s only getting bigger. It’s possible I’m just not the cuddle party type. Maybe it’s time to give orgies a chance.

— Jeremy Grossman

So, if you were ever in the situation Jeremy was, or you are afraid you may get in the similar situation, just note that many-many people have similar concerns.

Basically, it is all about fear of Rejection. That is Rejection with a capital "R", the kind of rejection that deeply scarred us sometime around 7-th grade when we had to walk all the way back across the gym after everyone heard us get a “No” to "Would you like to dance?" That rejection was proof positive that we were unliked and unwanted, and a loser. And it still means that today, right?

Well, actually, rejection is not proof of anything other than someone saying no. It could mean a million different things than what you are spinning in your 7-th grader mind right now. And, a no today doesn't necessarily mean a no next week or even an hour from now (and a yes today doesn't mean an automatic yes next week either for that matter).

Cuddle Parties have a significant workshop element, and they are designed to be a safe space to explore communication and experiment with making requests and extending invitations. As such, a lot of thought has been put into the element of rejection that can come with negative responses, and the Welcome Circle is structured to make Cuddle Parties a safe place to also experience and explore
rejection.

"A safe space to experience and explore rejection?" Are you thinking that sounds like crazy talk?

Well, it is to most of us. Most people have absolutely no coordination with handling rejection in an adult way, and by adult I mean any better way of handling rejection than just thinking, "My life is over if they say No, so I'm not even going to ask!"  We are all stuck in our awkward 7-th grader phase when it comes to anyone saying No to us. That is the bad news. The good news is that we do not have to remain tripping over ourselves, voices cracking when it comes to worrying about rejection.

A Cuddle Party becomes a safe space to explore and push through the worries concerning "What if no one wants to cuddle me?" when we realize the rest of the room shares the exact same insecurity. Go ahead, ask them - Yes, even the pretty people. Nearly all of us have the worry that no one will pick us. That is all of us, even if it is just for a fleeting second. Insecurity is completely normal. The only difference between anyone at a Cuddle Party is that with some of us, that fleeting second of a thought draaaaaags on for hours. At least seems like it does. With a little courage, some practice and a smidgen of safe space you will be amazed how quickly you can leave such insecurities behind and jump across that chasm of fear to see what it is like on the other side where the next concern becomes "What if someone WANTS to cuddle me?"

So, what you actually do if you got NO once, or even twice? Do not take it personally, and try to engage with other people, do not make NO a personal rejection obstacle which will spoil you mood and diminish your willingness to let your guards off and let yourself having some fun.


Sources and Additional Information:


Wednesday, March 9, 2016

Should Nadia Savchenko Starve to Death to Win her Case in Russian Court?

Ukrainian pilot and parliament deputy Nadia Savchenko has told a Russian court she will continue her dry hunger strike after a tense hearing in which the judge postponed the verdict in her closely watched case until March 21. A defiant Savchenko declared that she would recognize neither the court nor its verdict, before she stood on a bench inside the cage for defendants and raised her middle finger in the direction of the judge.

Savchenko emphasized that she is willing to continue the no-food, no-water hunger strike no matter what happens, saying, "You must understand that we are playing with my life; the stakes are high and I have nothing to lose."

Savchenko, 34, wore her trademark T-shirt with the Ukrainian trident symbol at the March 9 hearing in the court in the southern Russian city of Donetsk, near the border with the home country she has vowed to return to "dead or alive."

She is accused of acting as a spotter who called in coordinates for a mortar attack in eastern Ukraine in July 2014 that caused the deaths of two Russian journalists covering the conflict between Kyiv’s forces and Russia-backed separatists.

These facts are proven totally wrong (Savchenko was captured by pro-Russian terrorists about two hours BEFORE the stated time, and no way she could not be performing the action she is accused for). While the Russian court claims that she voluntary crossed the border to Russia and was arrested there, this theory also does not hold any reasonable grounds. Savchenko was captured in Ukraine and taken to Russia illegally by force, tied up. The defense team provided documented evidence to show that Nadia was already in captivity at the time of the artillery strike she is accused of directing.

However, Russian prosecutors are not much bothered by flaky statements, not supported by any evidence. They have asked the court to sentence her to 23 years in prison and impose a fine of 100,000 rubles ($1,400). Nadia Savchenko is formally charged with murder, attempted murder, and illegally crossing Russia's border.

In the brief hearing on March 9, Savchenko's lawyer read out her closing statement, which she had been prevented from reading at a hearing on March 3. He then asked the court to deliver its verdict immediately. The judge responded by saying the verdict would come only on March 21 and 22. At trials in Russia, it sometimes takes the judge more than a day to read out the lengthy verdict in the courtroom.

Savchenko has been on a dry hunger strike -- refusing all food and water -- since March 4.

After the hearing, Savchenko lawyer Nikolai Polozov said on Twitter that the court had denied permission for Savchenko's family and Ukrainian doctors or Ukrainian consular officials to visit her before the sentencing hearing.

Polozov told Reuters that Savchenko's "life is in danger" and added, "As lawyers, our main task now is to enable Ukrainian doctors to get to her."

In her handwritten final statement, which was posted on Facebook after the previous hearing, Savchenko expressed hope for an agreement that would return her to Ukraine after the verdict but warned she would continue her hunger strike and vowed to return "dead or alive."

Here is an English translation of this remarkable document of courage and strength.

I accept neither guilt, nor the verdict, nor the Russian court. In the case of a guilty verdict there will be no appeal. I want the whole democratic civilized world to realize that Russia is a third-world country, with a totalitarian regime and a petty tyrant-dictator, where human rights and international law are spat upon.

It is an absurd situation when those who abduct people subject them to torture then act as if they have a right to judge them! How can one talk about a fair trial? In Russia, there are no trials or investigations -- only a farce played out by Kremlin puppets. And I find it superfluous to waste time in my life participating in it!

And so there will be no appeal, but this is what will happen: After the verdict I will continue my hunger strike for 10 more days, until the verdict comes into force -- and this is regardless of the translation [of the verdict] into Ukrainian, because they can drag that out for a long time, too. In 10 days I will begin a dry hunger strike [refusing both food and water], and then Russia will have no more than 10 days to return me to Ukraine, where they abducted me! And I don’t care how they justify it! I have heard that [Ukrainian President] Petro Oleksiyovych Poroshenko is quite adept at diplomacy. I hope his diplomatic skills will suffice to reach agreement in Russia with a certain idiot -- after all, he promised my mother that I would be home in time for the May holidays of 2015.

And while they are bargaining over me, my life will be draining away and Russia will return me to Ukraine in any case -- it will return me, dead or alive!

Throughout these 10 days, day and night, my sister will be standing at the jail gates, and she will wait and see whether they release me or not. And if you put her in jail, my mother will come and take her place. She is 77, will you put her in jail, too? In that case my friend will take her place, and after her -- Ukrainian after Ukrainian! And remember -- you can’t shove everybody in here. And while my compatriots are standing there, simple, honest, and decent Russians living in nearby homes will bring them hot tea, sandwiches, and warm blankets, because each one of them understands that tomorrow their child could be in my place, in this prison of all peoples called Russia!

That is how Maidans (revolutions) start! Do you need that?! You fear it like the plague! So it is better for the Kremlin to return me to Ukraine as soon as possible, and alive!

And those in the world with democratic values ought to learn their history lessons before it's too late and remember that there was a time when Europe was tolerant toward Hitler, and America wasn’t decisive enough, and this led to World War II. Putin is a tyrant with imperial manners and a Napoleon and Hitler complex put together. The [Russian] bear doesn’t understand human language, he understands only the language of force. Therefore, unless we become more decisive and determine the right priorities on time, we will soon have World War III.

And I, as a politician now, won’t shake Russia's hand in the political arena. It is not right to extend a hand to someone who kept you in handcuffs and your people in chains. But every time I make a political decision, I will always think how it would affect ordinary people, both in Ukraine and Russia. Because in Russia, in spite of everything, there are many honest, kind, and decent people.

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova told journalists in Moscow on March 8 that there had been no negotiations with Kyiv regarding a possible prisoner swap involving Savchenko.

"This cannot happen -- either in theory or in practice -- until the court's decision," Zakharova said.

Nadezhda is the Russian version of Savchenko's first name, which means "hope." Yes, there is hope, that she will survive, however, being for 2.5 weeks on dry hunger strike (refusing both liquids and solid food) means inevitable death. Based on some experts, this is what Putin is trying to achieve – or get big bonus from the West in a shape of the lifting sanctions, or kill her not by the court verdict.

At the weekend Savchenko’s mother, Maria, issued an emotional video appeal to world leaders to put pressure on Russia to free her daughter. “I’m so nervous, I forgot what it’s like to sleep,” she said. “I pray, help us. Save her from that jail. Put all your efforts towards it,” she said.

On Monday, John Kerry, the US secretary of state, called on Russia to release Savchenko, saying her detention showed a “disregard for international standards, as well as for Russia’s commitments under the Minsk agreements”.

Members of the European Parliament have requested that Russian President Vladimir Putin and 28 other officials be put under sanctions over the detention of Ukrainian pilot Nadiya Savchenko.

Massive protests and demonstrations over the Nadia Savchenko, Ukrainian hero, are arranged all over the World, especially in locations, where there is massive Ukrainian and Russian population. US Congressmen and Senators are receiving thousands letters from the US citizens, requesting strong political support of the Federal Government to apply pressure on the criminal regime of Putin in the modern Russia.




Sources and Additional Information:


Friday, February 19, 2016

Germans who had Guts to Fight Nazis

73 years ago, February 18, 1943 Hans Scholl and his sister Sophie, the leaders of the German youth group Weisse Rose (White Rose), were arrested by the Gestapo for opposing the Nazi regime.

The White Rose

In the early summer of 1942, a group of young men — including Willi Graf, Christoph Probst and Hans Schol formed a non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of a number of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, which called for active opposition to the Nazis regime.

The group co-authored six anti-Nazi Third Reich political resistance leaflets. Calling themselves the White Rose, they instructed Germans to passively resist the Nazis. They had been horrified by the behavior of the Germans on the Eastern Front where they had witnessed a group of naked Jews being shot in a pit.

The core of the White Rose consisted of five students — Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans Scholl, Alex Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Christoph Probst, all in their early twenties — also members were Hans and Sophie's sister Inge Scholl, and a professor of philosophy, Kurt Huber.

Between June 1942 and February 1943, they prepared and distributed six different leaflets, in which they called for the active opposition of the German people to Nazi oppression and tyranny. Huber drafted the final two leaflets. A draft of a seventh leaflet, written by Christoph Probst, was found in the possession of Hans Scholl at the time of his arrest by the Gestapo, who destroyed it.

The Leaflets

During early summer of 1942, Alex Schmorell and Hans Scholl wrote four leaflets, copied them on a typewriter with as many copies as could be made, probably not exceeding 100, and distributed them throughout Germany. These leaflets were left in telephone books in public phone booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken by courier to other universities for distribution. All four were written in a relatively brief period, between June 27 and July 12. As far as is known today, Hans Scholl wrote the first and fourth leaflets, Alex Schmorell participated with the second and third.

All leaflets were also sent to the members of the White Rose, in order that we could check whether they were intercepted. Significantly, of the first 100 leaflets, 35 were turned over to the Gestapo.

By turning the leaflets over to the secret police, one hoped to be beyond suspicion. It might even have entered one's mind - and it certainly would not have been unthinkable - that such leaflets could have actually been produced and mailed by the Gestapo in order to test one's loyalty to the party and state.

Producing and distributing such leaflets sounds simple from today's perspective, but, in reality, it was not only very difficult but even dangerous. Paper was scarce, as were envelopes. And if one bought them in large quantities, or for that matter, more than just a few postage stamps (in any larger numbers), one would (have) become instantly suspect.

Taking leaflets to other cities carried great risk, because trains were constantly patrolled by military police, who demanded identification papers of any male of military service age. Anyone traveling without official marching papers was AWOL - and the consequences predictable.

"Some of us traveled in civilian clothing, hoping for the best, some with forged travel orders, I myself used false identification papers (my cousin's with whom I shared a certain resemblance). We left the briefcases which contained the leaflets in a different compartment, for luggage was routinely searched. Mostly, however, leaflets were taken by female students who were not subject to such scrutiny."

The members of The White Rose worked day and night, cranking a hand-operated duplicating machine thousands of times to create the leaflets which were each stuffed into envelopes, stamped and mailed from various major cities in Southern Germany. Recipients were chosen from telephone directories and were generally scholars, medics and pub-owners in order to confuse the Gestapo investigators.

While Hans and Alex alone drafted the first four leaflets, they counted on Christoph Probst to comment and criticize. Jürgen edited the third and fourth leaflets and traveled to Berlin with the dangerous documents. Willi contributed to the fifth leaflet and did a generous amount of legwork, getting supplies and trying to recruit support outside of Munich.

Sophie worked at getting stamps and paper (one could not buy too many stamps at one place without arousing suspicion) and also managed the group's funds. Kurt Huber contributed to the fifth leaflet and solely drafted the sixth (and final) leaflet, while Hans was apprehended with a rough draft of a seventh leaflet written by Christoph Probst.

All members traveled throughout Southern Germany (and beyond) to mail stacks of leaflets from undetectable locations. Hundreds of leaflets were also left at the University of Munich, carefully hand-delivered in the middle of the night.

Arrest of the White Rose

On three nights in February 1943 (3rd, 8th and 15th), Hans, Alex and Willi conducted the most dangerous of all the White Rose activities. The three men used tar and paint to write slogans on the sides of houses on Ludwigstrasse, a main thoroughfare in Munich near the University. They wrote "Down With Hitler", "Hitler Mass Murderer", "freedom", and drew crossed-out swastikas... this while policemen and other officials patrolled the streets of Munich. It was, by far, the most public, blatant and dangerous of their activities.

On Thursday, February 18, 1943, Sophie and Hans distributed the pamphlets personally at the university. They hurriedly dropped stacks of copies in the empty corridors for students to find when they flooded out of lecture rooms. Leaving before the class break, the Scholls noticed that some copies remained in the suitcase and decided it would be a pity not to distribute them.

They returned to the atrium and climbed the staircase to the top floor, and Sophie flung the last remaining leaflets into the air. This spontaneous action was observed by the custodian Jakob Schmid. The police were called and Hans and Sophie were taken into Gestapo custody. The other active members were soon arrested, and the group and everyone associated with them were brought in for interrogation.

Sophie and Hans were questioned for four days in Munich, and their trial was set for February 22. They, along with Christoph, were arrested. Within days, all three were brought before the People's Court in Berlin. The trial was run by Roland Freisler, head judge of the court, and lasted only a few hours, they were convicted of treason and sentenced to death. Only hours later, the court carried out that sentence by guillotine. All three faced their deaths bravely, Hans crying out his last words, "Long live freedom!"

Later that same year, other members of the White Rose -- Alexander Schmorell (age 25), Willi Graf (age 25), and Kurt Huber (age 49) -- were tried and executed. Most of the other students convicted for their part in the group's activities received prison sentences.

Prior to their deaths, several members of the White Rose believed that their execution would stir university students and other anti-war citizens into a rallying activism against Hitler and the war. Accounts suggest, however, that university students continued their studies as usual, citizens mentioned nothing, many regarding the movement as anti-national. Their actions were mostly dismissed, until after the war when their efforts were eventually praised by the German consciousness.

Moral examples

"They permit us to believe that at the time not all Germans were mute and cowardly followers," German President Joachim Gauck has said, referring to the importance of the Scholls and the White Rose. In its fourth pamphlet, the group wrote, "We will not be silent. We are your bad conscience. The White Rose will not leave you in peace!"

Their words, Gauck said, still apply today. Hans and Sophie Scholl and their friends had the courage to stand up for their convictions and resist - showing a degree of courage possessed only by a few at that time.

”How can we expect righteousness to prevail when there is hardly anyone willing to give himself up individually to a righteous cause,” Sophie Scholl said. ”Such a fine, sunny day, and I have to go,” she continued, ”but what does my death matter, if through us thousands of people are awakened and stirred to action?”

”The White Rose is a radiant page in the annals of the 20th Century. The courage to swim against the stream of public opinion, even when doing so was equated with treason, and the conviction that death is not too great a price to pay for following the whisperings of the conscience,” writes Chris Zimmerman in The White Rose: Its Legacy and Challenge.

Sophie Scholls sister Inge Aicher-Scoll wrote: ”Perhaps genuine heroism lies in deciding to stubbornly defend the everyday things, the mundane and the immediate.”

Other Resistance Groups

The common, and mostly true, belief is that Adolf Hitler and the Nazis ruled Germany with an iron fist, crushing any rebellion or dissent with swift fury. Even more valuable information is on the people who had courage to oppose the dictatorship. And the White Rose group not the only one. All the opposition groups were collectively known simply as “Widerstand” (“Resistance”). Let’s briefly mention the heroes:


However, there were a number of groups active in Germany that were trying to take down the Nazis.

1. Red Orchestra
This name applies to both Soviet and German espionage programs and the specific German one we’re discussing is the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group, which was created in 1936. Named after Harro Schulze-Boysen (the Luftwaffe staff officer who founded it) and his friends, one of their goals was to gather intelligence for the Allies and help those hunted by the Nazis to get to freedom. However, their primary goal was to incite civil disobedience by distributing a number of leaflets, as well as causing the Nazis grief through the specter of subversion groups. In 1942, after Gestapo agents intercepted some of their radio transmissions, nearly all of the members of the group were arrested and executed.

2. Kreisau Circle
Established and led by Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, and Adam von Trott zu Solz, the Kreisau Circle was stationed at Moltke’s estate. Said to be one of the main centers of the German resistance movement, their goal was to figure out how to establish a peaceful, Christian Germany, after the war was lost. (For them, it was difficult to reconcile their hatred toward Hitler and the Nazis and their patriotic love for Germany.) The group was known for spreading information to the Allies, as well as other resistance groups within Germany. Later in the war, some of the members were involved in a failed assassination of Adolf Hitler, and many of the Kreisau Circle were arrested and executed, even those who had no part in the coup attempt.

3. The Rosenstrasse Protest
A singular event, perpetrated because of the deportation of thousands of Jewish men who were married to non-Jewish women, the Rosenstrasse protest was one of the largest public displays against Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. For over a week in early 1943, the women peacefully marched in protest against their husbands’ deportation. Seemingly faced with death each night at the hands of the guards they marched in front of, they persisted, until Hitler released the prisoners, even those already sent to Auschwitz. This was more out of concern for the secrecy of his “Final Solution” than anything else though. Because no one was punished, and almost all of the men survived the war, this incident provides one of the greatest “What if?” questions about the whole war: What if the rest of Germany had stood up to Hitler?

4. The Solf Circle
The least successful of all the groups on this list, the Solf Circle was an informal group of intellectuals who were against Nazism. Established by Johanna Solf, the widow of a German ambassador, the group would routinely meet to discuss their plans to aid the Jews (Solf and her daughter helped hide a number of Jews and assisted their escape from the country). On September 10, 1943 at a birthday party for Elisabeth von Thadden (a famous Protestant headmistress at a nearby school), a secret Gestapo agent was unknowingly invited by one of the members and he reported their actions. Nearly everyone was rounded up, arrested, tried, and executed.

5. The European Union
Not to be confused with the collection of European countries today, the original European Union was a group of anti-fascist Germans who despised Nazism and what it had done to their country. Founded in Berlin in 1939, the group began under the leadership of Robert Havemann, a chemist, and Georg Groscurth, a doctor. The European Union produced many leaflets during the war, as well as providing aid and information to Allied Forces and those hunted by the Nazis. However, they never actively tried to take down the government because they felt it would collapse on its own. What they wanted to do was create a unified, socialist Europe. Paul Hatschek, one of the leading members, was captured by the Gestapo in 1943 and ratted out nearly every person in the group, with at least 15 of them being killed.

6. Johann George Elser
Normally a footnote in the history of Hitler and Nazism, Johann George Elser was one of many men who tried to assassinate Hitler. However, Elser is part of a select group of people who tried to do it alone. Every year, the Nazis would meet at the Beer Hall Putsch, to commemorate the failed overthrow of the German government that landed a younger Hitler in jail. Elser knew this and used it to his advantage. Ten months before Hitler was going to give his annual speech on November 8, 1939, Elser began scouting out the area. For months, Elser worked, hollowing out a stone pillar behind where Hitler would stand, so a bomb could be placed inside of it. He created a timer that would last for 144 hours and set it for 9:20 PM on November 8, right in the middle of Hitler’s speech. Unfortunately, Hitler changed his plans at the last minute because of weather problems and ended 30 minutes early, escaping unharmed. Elser was arrested and imprisoned until April 1945, when he was executed.

7. The Swing Kids
Mainly based in the city of Hamburg, the Swing Kids began as a counterculture group to Nazism. They were youth who enjoyed American swing music, something the Nazis detested. Though not very political at the beginning, the Swing Kids were said to have begun spreading the truth heard from the Allies to German citizens. In addition, many of the group members began to non-violently protest other aspects of Nazi rule, with some even going on to join other more political groups like the White Rose. After 1941, the Nazis began to crack down on the swing clubs, sending many of the children to concentration camps.

8. The Edelweiss Pirates
Another group of ex-Hitler Youth, the Edelweiss Pirates began organizing right before the outbreak of World War II. Mostly comprised of teenagers between the ages of 14 and 18, they had no central leader and were only loosely affiliated with the groups in other cities—sometimes, the only common factor was the Edelweiss flower badge which they all wore. As the war dragged on, the Edelweiss Pirates performed increasingly dangerous tasks, including sabotage against German railways and aiding Jews fleeing from the Nazis. German reprisals were varied, depending on the severity of the crime, but many were sent to camps or prisons, with some even being executed. When the war ended, many of them disbanded, but a few continued, turning their attentions to the Allied troops who now occupied Germany.


Sources and Additional Information: